Identidades múltiples e identidades por exclusión : el riesgo de un racismo indigenista
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Date
2014-12
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Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Humanidades y Artes. Centro de Estudios Sobre Diversidad Cultural
Abstract
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El proyecto de los Estados de la modernidad consistió en la negación de la
multiplicidad identitaria de cualquier conglomerado humano y la
asimilación de cualquier rasgo cultural o lingüístico (a través de la coerción,
la persecución o modalidades más sutiles) a las nuevas identidades
nacionales.
Sin embargo, la reacción posmoderna no se ha basado en una recuperación
de la diversidad y multiplicidad cultural sino en la esencialización mítica de
rasgos cosificados en el tiempo y el intento de enfrentar las nuevas crisis
identitarias con modelos que apelan a una pertenencia biológica que
determinaría rasgos culturales innatos.
Este artículo intenta abordar algunos de dichos riesgos en el análisis del
surgimiento de un indigenismo eminentemente posmoderno, y de corte
racista, que postula la pre-existencia indígena en América como rasgo
unificador de pueblos muy distintos, asignando a dicha pertenencia sólo
rasgos positivos y oponiéndola a una negatividad "en bloque" asignada "lo
blanco", que construye un estereotipo que reúne en otro bloque identidades
hegemónicas e identidades perseguidas, borrando la complejidad de los
procesos identitarios.
Por último, se recupera el proyecto del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia como
una iniciativa que, partiendo de un movimiento indígena, busca quebrar la
esencialización y asumir el carácter plurinacional y pluricultural de los
Estados modernos como alternativa de construcción de nuevos modelos
identitarios y nuevos proyectos socio-políticos.
The project of modern States has consisted in the denial of the multiplicity of identities among any human conglomerate and in the assimilation of any other cultural or linguistic features (by means of coercion, chase or more subtle methods) into the new national identities. Nevertheless, the postmodern reaction has not been built around the recovery of cultural diversity and multiplicity but in the mythical “essentialization” of dehumanized features throughout time and in the attempt to confront the new identity crisis with models that resort to a biological belonging that would define innate cultural features. This article seeks to approach certain risks of the analysis of the emergence of an indigenism -particularly postmodern and of racial style- that posits the aboriginal pre-existence in America as a unifying trait of greatly diverse peoples, while allocating only positive features to that belonging and opposing it to a negativity associated to “the white” all together (as a block); all of which builds a stereotype that brings together (as another block) hegemonic identities and pursued identities, wiping off the complexity of identity processes. Lastly, the case of the Plurinational State of Bolivia is taken into consideration as an initiative which comes from an indigenous movement and attempts to break that “essentialization” to finally take over the plurinational and pluricultural nature of modern States as an alternative to building new identity models and new socio-political projects.
The project of modern States has consisted in the denial of the multiplicity of identities among any human conglomerate and in the assimilation of any other cultural or linguistic features (by means of coercion, chase or more subtle methods) into the new national identities. Nevertheless, the postmodern reaction has not been built around the recovery of cultural diversity and multiplicity but in the mythical “essentialization” of dehumanized features throughout time and in the attempt to confront the new identity crisis with models that resort to a biological belonging that would define innate cultural features. This article seeks to approach certain risks of the analysis of the emergence of an indigenism -particularly postmodern and of racial style- that posits the aboriginal pre-existence in America as a unifying trait of greatly diverse peoples, while allocating only positive features to that belonging and opposing it to a negativity associated to “the white” all together (as a block); all of which builds a stereotype that brings together (as another block) hegemonic identities and pursued identities, wiping off the complexity of identity processes. Lastly, the case of the Plurinational State of Bolivia is taken into consideration as an initiative which comes from an indigenous movement and attempts to break that “essentialization” to finally take over the plurinational and pluricultural nature of modern States as an alternative to building new identity models and new socio-political projects.
Keywords
Identidad, Nación, Indigenismo, Diversidad cultural, Indigenism, Cultural diversity, Identity