Estrategias de política exterior de los poderes medios emergentes : India, Brasil y Sudáfrica en la post-Guerra Fría. El caso de IBSA (2003-2010)
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Date
2012-03-01
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Abstract
La presente investigación doctoral se inserta en el conjunto de estudios
dedicados a la jerarquización de los estados en el sistema internacional. En el
trabajo se propone, de manera general, explicar los objetivos, instrumentos y
consecuencias de las estrategias de política exterior desarrolladas por los poderes
medios emergentes en el escenario internacional de la post-Guerra Fría, tomando
como caso de estudio la asociación IBSA - India, Brasil y Sudáfrica- en el período
2003-2010.
De forma más específica se busca, en primer lugar, analizar las estrategias
de política exterior implementadas por los estados de IBSA en relación a tres
áreas temáticas: patentes de productos farmacéuticos, biocombustibles y
negociaciones agrícolas en la Ronda Doha de la OMC. En segundo lugar,
distinguir las coincidencias y las divergencias de intereses entre los países
miembros, que condicionan el desarrollo de sus distintas estrategias conjuntas.
Finalmente, se procura identificar las implicancias sistémicas y domésticas de
estas estrategias de política exterior.
A modo de hipótesis general, se sostiene que los gobiernos miembros de
IBSA llevan adelante estrategias de quodlíbet. Es decir, al igual que en este tipo
de pieza musical -en la cual diferentes melodías se escuchan de forma simultánea
dando por resultado una composición armoniosa-; India, Brasil y Sudáfrica
combinan políticas exteriores (“melodías”) ya existentes. Al reunirlas y
ejecutarlas en forma simultánea por medio de IBSA, generan una sinfonía que
otorga mayores niveles de visibilidad internacional a cada uno de los miembros y,
por consiguiente, una mayor participación en los ámbitos de decisión mundial.
No obstante, no debe perderse de vista que se trata de “tres melodías
nacionales distintas” caracterizadas por un fuerte contenido pragmático. Por
consiguiente, la composición de quodlíbet se realiza en función de las necesidades
y de las temáticas que se encuentran en juego en cada ámbito de negociación en
particular.
This doctoral research participates in the studies concerning the ranking of states in the international system. Its purpose is to explain the objectives, instruments and consequences of post-Cold War foreign policy strategies developed by emerging middle powers, taking as a case study the IBSA association - India Brazil and South Africa- during the period 2003-2010. Firstly, it analyzes the foreign policy strategies implemented by IBSA states in relation to three areas: pharmaceuticals patents, biofuels and agricultural negotiations in the WTO Doha Round. Secondly, it looks at the similarities and differences of interests between the member countries which influence the development of its various joint strategies. Finally, it identifies the systemic and domestic implications of these foreign policy strategies. As a general hypothesis, it is argued that the governments of IBSA implement “quodlíbet strategies”. Like in this type of musical piece, -in which different melodies are heard simultaneously resulting in a harmonious composition- India, Brazil and South Africa combine existing foreign policy ("tunes"). They bring them together and they run them simultaneously through IBSA, creating a symphony which gives higher international visibility to each of the members and, therefore, greater participation in global decision-making circles. However, it should not be forgotten that they are "three different national melodies" characterized by a strong pragmatic content. Therefore, the composition of quodlíbet results from the needs and issues at stake in each particular area of negotiation.
This doctoral research participates in the studies concerning the ranking of states in the international system. Its purpose is to explain the objectives, instruments and consequences of post-Cold War foreign policy strategies developed by emerging middle powers, taking as a case study the IBSA association - India Brazil and South Africa- during the period 2003-2010. Firstly, it analyzes the foreign policy strategies implemented by IBSA states in relation to three areas: pharmaceuticals patents, biofuels and agricultural negotiations in the WTO Doha Round. Secondly, it looks at the similarities and differences of interests between the member countries which influence the development of its various joint strategies. Finally, it identifies the systemic and domestic implications of these foreign policy strategies. As a general hypothesis, it is argued that the governments of IBSA implement “quodlíbet strategies”. Like in this type of musical piece, -in which different melodies are heard simultaneously resulting in a harmonious composition- India, Brazil and South Africa combine existing foreign policy ("tunes"). They bring them together and they run them simultaneously through IBSA, creating a symphony which gives higher international visibility to each of the members and, therefore, greater participation in global decision-making circles. However, it should not be forgotten that they are "three different national melodies" characterized by a strong pragmatic content. Therefore, the composition of quodlíbet results from the needs and issues at stake in each particular area of negotiation.
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Keywords
IBSA - Foro de Diálogo India Brasil y Sudáfrica, Poderes emergentes, OMC - Organización Mundial del Comercio, Negociaciones comerciales, India, Brasil, Sudáfrica