Del giro a la izquierda al giro a la derecha : los procesos de integración en la Política Exterior Argentina (2011-2017)
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Date
2019-04-26
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Abstract
A fines de la década del noventa del siglo pasado inició una etapa política en América
Latina conocida como “el giro a la izquierda”, que se caracterizó por el triunfo electoral de
candidatos presidenciales que criticaron intensamente las medidas políticas y económicas
aplicadas en los países de tipo liberal. El giro a la izquierda inició en Venezuela en 1998 y
se propagó por la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos durante la década siguiente.
Sin embargo, desde 2012 se observa que varios líderes o partidos que formaron parte de él
empiezan a sufrir reveses importantes, como la derrota en elecciones (presidenciales,
legislativas o plebiscitarias), el enfrentamiento de juicios políticos o la pérdida de buena
parte de su capital político. Este proceso parece haberse intensificado desde 2015.
En nuestro caso en particular, la etapa kirchnerista (2003-2015), caracterizada como
posneoliberal o de izquierda, llegaría a su fin en Argentina tras el triunfo de Mauricio Macri
en las elecciones de noviembre de 2015. La emergente figura del presidente argentino,
junto a triunfos electorales de tinte más conservador en la región, nos lleva a plantearnos:
¿cuáles son los cambios y continuidades que se visualizan en la política exterior argentina
entre las administraciones de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2011-2015) y Mauricio
Macri (2016-2017)?
Es por ello que el principal objetivo del trabajo será describir los cambios y continuidades
en la política exterior argentina en el periodo 2011 - 2017 en relación a la región tras los
diferentes modelos implementados de las dos últimas administraciones de nuestro país en el
contexto regional del giro a la izquierda al giro a la derecha.
En nuestra investigación sostenemos que la Política Exterior Argentina viró luego del
traspaso presidencial en el año 2016 ente las administraciones de Cristina Fernández de
Kirchner y Mauricio Macri en función del cambio del componente ideológico-político y del
modelo de desarrollo nacional, lo cual se evidenció en los cambios en las posturas ante los
esquemas de integración regional.
At the end of the nineties of the last century a political stage in Latin America began, known as "the turn to the left", which was characterized by the electoral triumph of presidential candidates who intensely criticized the political and economic measures applied in the countries of liberal type. The turn to the left began in Venezuela in 1998 and spread through most of the Latin American countries during the following decade. However, since 2012 it is observed that several leaders or parties that were part of it begin to suffer major setbacks, such as the defeat in elections (presidential, legislative or plebiscitary), the confrontation of political trials (well known as impeachment) or the leak of a good part of the political capital. This process seems to have intensified since 2015. In our case in particular, the Kirchnerist stage (2003-2015), characterized as post-neoliberal or left, would come to an end in Argentina after the success of Mauricio Macri in November 2015 elections. The emerging figure of the Argentine president, together to electoral triumphs of more conservative tint in the region, leads us to consider: what are the changes and continuities that are visualized in the Argentine foreign policy between the administrations of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2011-2015) and Mauricio Macri (2016-2017)? That is why the main objective of our investigation will be to describe the changes and continuities in Argentine foreign policy to the region in the period from 2011 to 2017, after the different models implemented by the last two administrations of our country in the regional context to the left to the turn to the right. In our research, we consider that the Argentine Foreign Policy changed after the presidential transfer in 2016 between the administrations of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Mauricio Macri in terms of the change of the ideological-political component and the national development model, which was evidenced in the changes in the positions before the regional integration schemes.
At the end of the nineties of the last century a political stage in Latin America began, known as "the turn to the left", which was characterized by the electoral triumph of presidential candidates who intensely criticized the political and economic measures applied in the countries of liberal type. The turn to the left began in Venezuela in 1998 and spread through most of the Latin American countries during the following decade. However, since 2012 it is observed that several leaders or parties that were part of it begin to suffer major setbacks, such as the defeat in elections (presidential, legislative or plebiscitary), the confrontation of political trials (well known as impeachment) or the leak of a good part of the political capital. This process seems to have intensified since 2015. In our case in particular, the Kirchnerist stage (2003-2015), characterized as post-neoliberal or left, would come to an end in Argentina after the success of Mauricio Macri in November 2015 elections. The emerging figure of the Argentine president, together to electoral triumphs of more conservative tint in the region, leads us to consider: what are the changes and continuities that are visualized in the Argentine foreign policy between the administrations of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2011-2015) and Mauricio Macri (2016-2017)? That is why the main objective of our investigation will be to describe the changes and continuities in Argentine foreign policy to the region in the period from 2011 to 2017, after the different models implemented by the last two administrations of our country in the regional context to the left to the turn to the right. In our research, we consider that the Argentine Foreign Policy changed after the presidential transfer in 2016 between the administrations of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Mauricio Macri in terms of the change of the ideological-political component and the national development model, which was evidenced in the changes in the positions before the regional integration schemes.
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Keywords
Política exterior, Argentina, Integración regional, Neoliberalismo, Foreign policy, Regional integration, Neoliberalism