La visibilización y el reconocimiento de los derechos de los afrodescendientes en Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay y Uruguay en el marco del multilateralismo complejo (2000-2014)
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Date
2017
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Abstract
En este trabajo indagamos cuáles fueron los elementos que permitieron a las
organizaciones de afrodescendientes cobrar visibilidad y lograr el reconocimiento de
sus derechos en Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay y Uruguay, en el marco del
multilateralismo complejo, entre los años 2000 y 2014. Este tipo de multilateralismo
se fue articulando desde finales del siglo XX, complejizando el orden mundial al
cambiar los modos de vinculación entre los actores estatales (Estados nación),
intergubernamentales internacionales (organizaciones regionales y mundiales), y no
estatales (organizaciones de la sociedad civil nacional y sus redes internacionales).
En esta nueva estructura histórica, los cambios en la articulación entre estos tres
niveles se vieron plasmados en una creciente cantidad de normativa y mecanismos
de aplicación relacionados con la promoción y la defensa de los Derechos Humanos
en general. En particular, nos detenemos en los derechos cosmopolitas, dirigidos a
proteger a las minorías como es el caso de los afrodescendientes, colectivo en el
que nos centramos. En América Latina, región que nuclea los países bajo análisis,
ese proceso presenta características particulares. Por esta razón, para reconocer los
factores que posibilitaron al colectivo afrodescendiente adquirir visibilidad, promover
y proteger sus derechos, debimos identificar los factores que posibilitaron la
articulación de las organizaciones de afrodescendientes de cada país bajo análisis
tanto con sus respectivos Estados como con las organizaciones
intergubernamentales internacionales. En función de eso, pudimos probar que el
colectivo afrodescendiente en Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay y Uruguay logró
visibilización y el reconocimiento de sus derechos entre los años 2000 y 2014 ya que
desarrollaron estrategias de articulación en organizaciones nacionales y en redes
internacionales, mediante las cuales se vincularon tanto con los Estados nacionales
como con las organizaciones intergubernamentales internacionales logrando un
incremento en la normativa relativa a los derechos de este grupo, en particular, y de
los derechos cosmopolitas en general, dentro del marco del multilateralismo
complejo
In this paper, we analyze the elements that allowed organizations of afrodescendants achieve visibility and recognition of their rights in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, between 2000 and 2014, within the framework of complex multilateralism. This type of multilateralism was being articulated since the late twentieth century, increasing the world order complexity by changing the kind of relationship between state actors (Nation States), intergovernmental organizations, international organizations (regional and global level) as well as non-state actors (local civil society organizations and its international networks). In this new historical structure, the relations between these three types of institutions were reflected in a growing number of normative and enforcement mechanisms, related to the promotion and defense of human rights in general and specifically the Cosmopolitan rights in order to protect minorities such as the afro-descendants which are our case study. In Latin America, a region that includes the countries under analysis, this process have had particular characteristics. For this reason, in order to recognize the factors that made it possible for the afro-descendant collective to both to become visible and to be able to promote and protect their rights, within the framework of complex multilateralism, we had to identify the factors that made possible the articulation between the organizations of Argentinian, Bolivian, Paraguayan and Uruguayan afrodescendants, the respective States –in each case under study– and international. Based on this, we were able to prove that the afro-descendant group in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay achieved visibility and recognition of their rights between 2000 and 2014, since they developed joint strategies in national organizations and in international networks, through which they linked both with national States and with international intergovernmental organizations, achieving an increase in legislation on the rights of this group in particular and the cosmopolitan rights in general, within the framework of complex multilateralism
In this paper, we analyze the elements that allowed organizations of afrodescendants achieve visibility and recognition of their rights in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, between 2000 and 2014, within the framework of complex multilateralism. This type of multilateralism was being articulated since the late twentieth century, increasing the world order complexity by changing the kind of relationship between state actors (Nation States), intergovernmental organizations, international organizations (regional and global level) as well as non-state actors (local civil society organizations and its international networks). In this new historical structure, the relations between these three types of institutions were reflected in a growing number of normative and enforcement mechanisms, related to the promotion and defense of human rights in general and specifically the Cosmopolitan rights in order to protect minorities such as the afro-descendants which are our case study. In Latin America, a region that includes the countries under analysis, this process have had particular characteristics. For this reason, in order to recognize the factors that made it possible for the afro-descendant collective to both to become visible and to be able to promote and protect their rights, within the framework of complex multilateralism, we had to identify the factors that made possible the articulation between the organizations of Argentinian, Bolivian, Paraguayan and Uruguayan afrodescendants, the respective States –in each case under study– and international. Based on this, we were able to prove that the afro-descendant group in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay achieved visibility and recognition of their rights between 2000 and 2014, since they developed joint strategies in national organizations and in international networks, through which they linked both with national States and with international intergovernmental organizations, achieving an increase in legislation on the rights of this group in particular and the cosmopolitan rights in general, within the framework of complex multilateralism
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Keywords
América del Sur, Descendientes afroamericanos, Relación Estado - Sociedad civil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay